From the devastating wildfires sweeping through California to hurricanes intensifying in the Atlantic, extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, unpredictable, and severe. These primary events are often followed by secondary perils such as flooding, tornadoes, mudslides or landslides, as well as convective storms that can give rise to thunder, lightning, heavy rain, and hailstorms. These secondary perils are increasingly a primary consideration for the insurance industry, driving up costs, reshaping risk models, and straining capacity in ways not seen before.